Breast cancer treatment

A lumpectomy removes the cancer with some surrounding tissue and keeps most of the breast. A mastectomy removes the breast. Nearby lymph nodes may also need assessment.

Ask which operation is suitable and why. Discuss recovery, wound care, shoulder movement and the risk of arm swelling after lymph-node treatment.

Radiotherapy usually follows lumpectomy and is recommended after mastectomy for some people. It can also help relieve symptoms when cancer has spread.

Possible effects include sore or darker skin, breast swelling and tiredness. Some changes, such as firmness or swelling, can last longer. Tell the team about new or worsening problems.

Tests on the cancer can show whether it responds to hormones or has a protein called HER2. These results help determine whether hormone treatment or targeted medicines may help.

Chemotherapy may be used before or after surgery. Immunotherapy is suitable for some cancers. Not everyone needs chemotherapy or every type of SACT.

Hormone medicines can cause hot flushes or joint symptoms, depending on the drug. Ask about the effects of your prescribed medicines and discuss fertility before treatment if this matters to you.

• What should I expect after my operation, and when should I ask for help?
• Can you show me suitable shoulder exercises and explain care for swelling?
• How might treatment affect my periods, fertility, body image or sexual health?
• What follow-up will I need, and which changes should I report between visits?